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European Journal of Policing Studies

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Issue 3, 2015 Expand all abstracts
Article

Introduction

Authors Antoinette Verhage, Lieselot Bisschop and Wim Hardyns

Antoinette Verhage

Lieselot Bisschop

Wim Hardyns
Article

Plural Policing in Western Europe

A comparison

Authors Elke Devroe and Jan Terpstra
Author's information

Elke Devroe
Elke Devroe is master in criminology, associate professor in Public Administration, university Leiden, campus The Hague. She teaches in the international master ‘Crisis en Security Management’ (CSM) the courses ‘Governance of crime and social disorder’, ‘Evidence-based policing’ and ‘Research Design’. She conducts research on plural policing and governance of local security problems in particular on incivilities (corresp.: e.devroe@cdh.leidenuniv.nl).

Jan Terpstra
Jan Terpstra is professor of criminology at the University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands (corresp.: j.terpstra@jur.ru.nl). He published books and articles about policing, local public safety policies, (private) security and criminal justice. Recently he published the book Who patrols the Streets? (coauthors B. van Stokkom and R. Spreeuwers) about plural policing in an international comparative perspective, and the book Centralizing Forces? (co-editors N.R. Fyfe and P. Tops) about police reforms in several Northern and Western European countries.
Article

The Policing of Public Space

Recent Developments in Plural Policing in England and Wales

Keywords plural policing, private security, regulation, governance, accountability
Authors Trevor Jones and Stuart Lister
AbstractAuthor's information

    This paper reviews contemporary plural policing developments in England and Wales with a focus on the local policing of public spaces. Based on a review of the existing research literature, it sets out developments in pluralization along some of the dimensions of plural policing elucidated by Loader (2000), namely, policing ‘by’, ‘through’, ‘beyond’ and ‘below’ government. This analysis suggests that policing in England and Wales has continued to become more pluralized during the 1990s and 2000s, with significant developments in policing ‘beyond’ government (commercial security) and ‘through’ government (out-sourcing of public policing functions). However, the austerity programme introduced by the Coalition Government since 2010 has seen a slowing of these developments, with an increased emphasis on pluralization ‘below’ government (informal voluntary or community-delivered policing). The paper goes on to consider the regulation and accountability of plural policing, and consider the impact of the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs). It suggests that whilst PCCs have yet to develop as an effective oversight of plural policing networks in local areas, the reforms may eventually contribute to further fragmentation and pluralization of the policing landscape in England and Wales.


Trevor Jones
Trevor Jones is Professor of Criminology in the School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University. He has published widely in the fields of private policing and the governance of security (corresp.: JonesTD2@Cardiff.ac.uk).

Stuart Lister
Stuart Lister is a Senior Lecturer in Criminal Justice in the School of Law, Leeds University. He has undertaken research on private and plural policing, and also published work on developments in police governance in England and Wales.
Article

Pluralisation of Local Policing in Germany

Security Between the State’s Monopoly of Force and the Market

Keywords police service, local security, interagency collaboration, security governance
Authors Bernhard Frevel
AbstractAuthor's information

    The article starts with an overview of the role of the police within the German political system and sketches recent developments and tendencies towards structures and processes of plural policing. Plural policing in this context is understood in the sense of ‘the expanding role of non-police service providers in policing, and the variety of different public, private and voluntary bodies now engaged in the activity’ (Wakefield, 2009, 227), with a special focus on the local level. In addition, the most prominent stakeholders in plural policing are introduced, followed by a description of the current forms and patterns between these stakeholders and the police. After analysing some relevant chances and obstacles of plural policing, the author focuses on local safety and security governance before ending with considerations upon plural policing and the changing role of the state.


Bernhard Frevel
Bernhard Frevel is Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Applied Science for Public Administration in North Rhine-Westphalia and Associate Professor at the University of Münster. His research interests and publications cover questions of security structure, police, policing and crime prevention. http://www.empirische-polizeiforschung.de/frevel.php; (corresp.: bernhard. frevel@fhoev.nrw.de).
Article

Plural Policing of Public Places in France

Between Private and Local Policing

Keywords France, public security, privatization, plural policing, public space, governance of security
Authors François Bonnet, Jacques de Maillard and Sebastian Roché
AbstractAuthor's information

    This paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the provision of public security in public places in France. It describes the emergence and development of a now frequent public-private mix in policing, based on the hot issue of regulating social behaviours in public places. The significance of the French model in terms of the nature of privatization and pluralization is then discussed and compared to international trends. The rise of a local level public-private mix, while not unique in Europe, appears as a major shift in a French environment traditionally characterized by the structural centralization of its public forces.


François Bonnet
Francois Bonnet (PhD, Sociology, Sciences Po Paris, 2006) is a CNRS assistant research professor at Pacte (Grenoble). His work has been published in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, and a number of French journals. He works on the production of social order (corresp.: frabonnet@gmail.com).

Jacques de Maillard
Jacques de Maillard is Professor of Political Science at the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin, deputy-director of the Cesdip (a research centre affiliated to the CNRS, the University of Versailles and the ministry of Justice) and member of the Institut Universitaire de France. His interests lie in the questions of governance of security, plural policing, police reforms and the comparative study of policing in European countries. He has published in these areas (Revue française de science politique, Revue française de sociologie, Policing and Society, European Journal of Criminology, etc.).

Sebastian Roché
Sebastian Roché is a research professor at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in PACTE - Sciences-Po (Institute of Political Science), University of Grenoble, France). He is specialized in the field of criminology (juvenile crime and juvenile justice, comparative policing) and has published more than ten books as well as dozens of articles (in Crime and Justice, European Journal of Criminology, Canadian Journal of Criminology, Revue Française de Science Politique).
Article

Purple Vests

The Origins of Plural Policing in Belgium

Keywords police, public space, plural policing, incivilities
Authors Elke Devroe
AbstractAuthor's information

    This article increases the body of knowledge on the origins of plural policing in a continental setting, more specifically in Belgium. Compared to other European countries, Belgium occupies a unique position, which can be explained by its particular constitutional setting. While non-police public actors execute police surveillance tasks in the public space, private security companies have no more competences than any ordinary citizen. Today maintenance of social disorder in the public space presents itself as a municipal patchwork, delineated by municipal autonomy and by political choices against privatisation. In this article we formulate an answer to the central research question ‘How did plural policing processes in Belgium originate and what is the current situation?’ By means of a multiple case study with triangulation of methods, 27 years of security policy (1985-2012) are analysed. Contrasting with neo-liberal policies in the UK from the 1970s on, Belgian policy was shaped by the powerful presence of socio-democrats who occupied key ministry positions in the federal government, such as the minister of the Interior and the minister of Big Cities, throughout the entire time period. Political bargaining processes explain the ongoing investment in prevention and in ‘purple vests,’ and the choice to exclude private actors in the public space.


Elke Devroe
Elke Devroe (1963) is master in criminology, associate professor in Public Administration, university Leiden, campus The Hague. She teaches in the international master ‘Crisis en Security Management’ (CSM) the courses ‘Governance of crime and social disorder’, ‘Evidence-based policing’ and ‘Research Design’. She conducts research on plural policing and governance of local security problems in particular on incivilities (corresp.: e.devroe@cdh.leidenuniv.nl).
Article

Plural Policing in Comparative Perspective

Four Models of Regulation

Keywords plural policing, comparative studies, private security, public good, regulation
Authors Jan Terpstra and Bas van Stokkom
AbstractAuthor's information

    In this article the main findings and conclusions are presented of an international comparative study on the pluralization of policing in five countries (England and Wales, Canada, Belgium, Austria, and the Netherlands). We focus on the question: what are the main differences and similarities in plural policing between these countries, and how can these be understood? In answering this question much attention is given to the position of non-police providers of policing (employed by municipalities or security companies) in relation to the regular police. To understand the peculiarities of this pluralization we paid attention to legal, historical, cultural and political aspects, to the organization of the regular police and the position of private security. This study shows that the pluralization of policing has not been the result of some goal-intended governmental policy, but more an incremental process or the effect of an accumulation of unintended consequences. In the last section we present four models of regulation of plural policing that may be relevant to imagining potential future policy developments.


Jan Terpstra
Jan Terpstra is professor of criminology at the University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands (corresp.: j.terpstra@jur.ru.nl). He published books and articles about policing, local public safety policies, (private) security and criminal justice. Recently he published the book Who patrols the Streets? (coauthors B. van Stokkom and R. Spreeuwers) about plural policing in an international comparative perspective, and the book Centralizing Forces? (co-editors N.R. Fyfe and P. Tops) about police reforms in several Northern and Western European countries.

Bas van Stokkom
Bas van Stokkom is lecturer and research fellow in the section criminal law & criminology, Faculty of Law, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. His research areas are local safety policies, policing, restorative justice, and sanction policies. He is secretary of the Dutch-Flemish journal Tijdschrift voor Herstelrecht (Journal of Restorative Justice) and co-editor of the studies Images of Restorative Justice Theory (2008), Reflections on Reassurance Policing in the Low Countries (2008) and Who patrols the Streets? An International Comparative Study of Plural Policing (2012) (b.vanstokkom@jur.ru.nl).
Article

Country Updates

Germany

Authors Thomas Feltes
Author's information

Thomas Feltes
Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Bochum Regional editor for Germany.
Article

Country Updates

Bulgaria

Authors Dobrinka Chankova
Author's information

Dobrinka Chankova
South-West University ‘Neofit Rilski’, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria Member Editorial Advisory Board EJPS.

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